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Course Outline
Introduction to the Course
- Course organization
- Role of relaying theory
- Field experiences
Relaying Fundamentals
- The nature of relaying
- Relay terminology
- Protection system design – redundancy, backup
- Relay upgrades
- Application of IEC 61850 station bus and process bus
Protection System Accessories
- Current transformers
- Wire wound and capacitive potential devices
- Batteries
- Circuit breakers
- Teleprotection systems
- Human machine interface
Fault level calculations and symmetrical components
- Short circuit fault calculations
- Symmetrical components and calculations
Distribution Protection - Overcurrent Protection
- Principles (why overcurrent protection works)
- Neutral grounding
- Fuses
- Overcurrent relays
- Circuit reclosers
- Impact of power electronic converter sources
Distribution System Protection
- Feeders
- Fuse saving
- Small tapped substations
- High side breakers, circuit switcher, fuses, or nothing
- Substation and feeder protection coordination
Non-Pilot Line Protection of Transmission Lines
- Relay setting philosophy
- 3-terminal lines
- Setting examples
Pilot Line Protection of Transmission Lines
- Communication channels
- Directional comparison
- Transfer trip
- Phase comparison
- Wire pilot
- Settings
Operating Problems Affecting Human Safety
- Miscoordination of relays
- Misapplied operating procedures
- Equipment failures and arcflash
- Backup protection failures
Interpreting Oscillograms
- Reading oscillograms
- Filtered or unfiltered oscillograms
- Examples of various short circuits
- Bus differential protection
Bus and Transformer Protection
- Bus arrangements
- Zone interlocking protection
- Bus partial and full differential protection
- Magnetizing inrush
- Transformer protection
- Application examples
Voltage Stability
- Description of phenomena
- Voltage collapse incidents
- Reactive power control
- Load shedding
Remedial Action Schemes