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Course Outline
Power System Grounding Fundamentals
- Introduction
- System grounding vs. equipment grounding vs. lightning protection
- Transformer configurations and system-neutral connections
- Neutral to earth connections
- Ground-return current impedance and paths
- Impedance-grounded systems and neutral-ground line reactors
- Introduction to voltage gradients and ground potential rise
System Applications
- Substation grounding principles
- Utility primary distribution grounding
- Key differences between utility and facility-grounding practices
Lightning Protection
- Arrester and grounding coordination
- Underground system considerations
- 60Hz vs. high-frequency surge impedance
Substation Grounding Electrodes and Ground Resistance
- Ground potential rise
- Voltage gradients
- Impacts of soil resistivity
- Applications of different grounding electrodes
- Materials and grounding components
- Fences and pre-cast screening/security walls
- Corrosion prevention
- Earth resistivity measurement applications and methods
Substation Ground Grid System Optimization Studies
- Design criteria
- Design input
- Fault current and fault current split factors
- Distribution vs. transmission substations
- Initial layout model
- Soil resistivity reports
- Overview of soil modeling
- Iterative step and touch-potential mitigation strategies
- Understanding deliverables (reports and drawings)
- Software options
Overview of NESC Grounding Requirements
- Industry terms and NESC definitions
- Exposure of public to electrical hazards
- Underground shielded cable (sheath-bonding options)
- Fences
- Grounding electrodes and methods of connection
- Interconnection to customers and joint-use utility structures
- Equipotential and safety ground requirements for work
- Sizing protective grounds (examples)
Project Grounding Drawing Examples
Class Exercises to Review Concepts